Which nervous system governs involuntary control of cardiac, smooth muscles, and glands?

Which nervous system governs involuntary control of cardiac, smooth muscles, and glands?

• A. Voluntary control of skeletal muscles
• B. Involuntary control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
• C. Vision
• D. Hearing

Answer: (B)

The autonomic nervous system governs involuntary control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. It runs automatically, regulating heart rate, digestion, glandular secretion, and other functions without conscious effort. It has two main divisions—sympathetic and parasympathetic—that often have opposing effects to prepare the body for different states, such as stress or rest. The other options describe systems not responsible for this involuntary motor control: the somatic nervous system handles voluntary control of skeletal muscles, while vision and hearing are sensory processes rather than motor control systems.

The autonomic nervous system governs involuntary control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. It runs automatically, regulating heart rate, digestion, glandular secretion, and other functions without conscious effort. It has two main divisions—sympathetic and parasympathetic—that often have opposing effects to prepare the body for different states, such as stress or rest. The other options describe systems not responsible for this involuntary motor control: the somatic nervous system handles voluntary control of skeletal muscles, while vision and hearing are sensory processes rather than motor control systems.